Generally, palm oil mills in malaysia use fiber and shell wastes as fuel source in boiler to produce steam and electricity for palm oil and kernel oil production processes. Palm oil fuel ash pofa is used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. Palm oil fuel ash pofa was supplied by a local palm oil mill located in the state of johor, west malaysia. Paper open access effect of unground palm oil fuel ash. In addition, biodiesel fuel made from vegetable oil is currently a large market for palm oil and has the potential to expand greatly. Palm oil, like all fats, is composed of fatty acids, esterified with glycerol. The ash, popularly known as palm oil fuel ash or pofa is a waste material the disposal of which poses enormous environmental pollution. Palm oil fuel ash pofa and polyvinyl alcohol fibres were used to make an alkaliactivated cementitious composite mortar, which was then tested.
Emission factor for tropical peatlands drained for oil palm. The weight loss, crack, color and compressive strength of concrete containing palm oil fuel ash pofa as cement replacement after exposed to elevated temperature and air cooling method were investigated. The cube specimens 100 x 100 x 100 mm and beam specimens 100 x 100 x 500mm were casted and tested according to bs en 123903. The yield and quality of palm oil produced in these areas is still superior to the oil produced in other parts of the world. Unrefined palm oil is a significant source of tocotrienol, part of the vitamin e family. The utilization of palm oil fuel ash in aluminium metal. Optimization of micro and nano palm oil fuel ash to. Palm oil industry currently has been seen as an important role in malaysias economy. After the extraction process, palm oil fibres, shells, and empty fruit brunches as waste products are burnt as biomass fuel to boil water, which generates steam for electricity and the extraction process in palm oil mills. Pofa obtained from oil palm india limited, kottayam in kerala was used in the investigation. Pdf the present state of the use of palm oil fuel ash pofa in. Feb 24, 2014 the effect of molarity of alkali activator, manufactured sand msand, and quarry dust qd on the compressive strength of palm oil fuel ash pofa and fly ash fa based geopolymer mortar was investigated and reported. The use of spo can lower the cost of biodiesel production significantly. Palm oil fuel ash pofa contains high amount of silica that can react with calcium hydroxide caoh 2 through hydration process and the pozzolanic reactions produce a lot of calcium silicate hydrate csh gel compound in order to reduce the amount of calcium hydroxide 4.
Currently, palm oil mills typically use the shell and the drier part of the fibre. Advances in materials science and engineering hindawi. One of the latest additions to the ash family is palm oil fuel ash, a waste material obtained on burning of palm oil husk and palm kernel shell as fuel in palm oil. Using stir casting method, the experiment resulted in an enforced mechanical and tribological properties of the aluminium 6061al6061 when fabricated with 5vol. Learn more about the notice of data availability noda. After the palm oil fruit undergoes oil extraction process, products knowns as pressed oil palm fiber and oil palm shell are produced. Article information, pdf download for radiological risks assessment of. Palm oil is an important asset for the producing countries. In this study, however, the extracted oil was not considered in the chemical composition. This paper highlights test results on the performance behavior of palm oil fuel ash pofa in reducing the heat of hydration of concrete. Experiments were carried out by supplementing cem i cement by weight in concrete mixes with pofa at 2. The elaeis guineensis tree, commonly known as palm tree, was first introduced in malaysia as an ornamental plant in 1970.
Astm c 15005 2005, river sand, oil palm shell, palm oil fuel ash, potable water, and superplasticizer. Both solid wastes oil palm shell ops and palm oil fuel ash pofa were supplied by nearby palm oil mills in the state of pahang, east coast malaysia. The potential of palm oil fuel ash as partial sand. The binary effect of pulverized fuel ash pfa and palm oil fuel ash pofa on heat of hydration of aerated concrete was studied.
Palm oil fuel ash pofa are utilize to produce high technology material in metal matrix composites. In this study, pofa was utilized as a pozzolan in concrete. It is now a leading agricultural cash crop in malaysia and other tropical countries, such as. Oct 30, 2014 palm oil fuel ash pofa has been used as a partial cement replacement to produce selfconsolidating highstrength concrete schsc. In this study, pofa have been collected from sime darby plantations palm oil processing factory from kilang kelapa sawit mills, negeri sembilan. The resulting ultrafine palm oil fuel ash was then utilized to produce high strength concrete by replacing the. Geopolymer mortar was prepared by activating metakaolin combined with pofa at 0%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% replacement levels in naoh and. Palm oil fuel ash are the waste products from the local palm oil industry that cause environmental pollution when they are discarded at the same time, cement are costly and. The original size pofa termed op was ground until the median particle sizes were 15.
Characteristics of treated palm oil fuel ash and its. The empty fruit bunches efb are waste byproducts that are being investigated for further uses. Both palm oil fuel industry and cement industry are causing native impact to the enviroment. In this st udy biodiesel fuel was produced from spo by esterification proc ess using. Performance of lightweight concrete contain palm oil fuel ash. Binary effect of fly ash and palm oil fuel ash on heat of hydration.
Thus, the present research aims to investigate the effect of integrating unground palm oil fuel ash as partial sand replacement in oil palm shell lightweight concrete. Palm oil fuel ash is the byproduct of burnt palm oil husk and palm oil shell in the boiler of palm oil mill. Palm oil is extracted from the fruit and copra of the palm oil tree. Strength activity index and microstructural characteristics. Due to its abundance and high pozzolanic characteristics, it is highly potential to be used as civil engineering construction materials such as partial sand replacement in concrete. Research article utilization of palm oil fuel ash as binder. Pdf palm oil fuel ash pofa is byproduct obtained by burning of fibers, shells and empty fruit bunches as fuel in palm oil mill boilers. Hamada published the present state of the use of palm oil fuel ash pofa in concrete find, read and cite. Malaysian renewable energy sources is that the palm oil mill is selfsufficient in energy, using ppf, efb and shell as fuel to generate steam in waste fuel boilers for processing, and powergeneration with steam turbines as described in section 2. That means the production of this waste is on a large scale therefore, palm oil fuel ash is seen as one of the alternative that can replace sand in concrete mixture production and could reduce the excessive production of palm oil. Both material are burned in incinerator which finally produces palm oil fuel ash.
Oil palm plantations in latin america are relatively recent. In 2011, malaysia has been reported that 5 million ha area of the land was used for oil palm plantation. Characterization of ash made from oil palm empty fruit bunches oefb. The variable investigated includes the quantities of replacement levels of msand, qd, and conventional mining sand nsand in two concentrated alkaline solutions. It favors rural employment and is a crop that smallholder farmers can grow easily, often lifting people out of poverty in rural regions. Based on the test results, a support vector regression model was developed to estimate the effect of the alkaline activatorpofa ratio on early compressive strength at different added water contents. Paper open access effect of unground palm oil fuel ash as. The effect of molarity of alkali activator, manufactured sand msand, and quarry dust qd on the compressive strength of palm oil fuel ash pofa and fly ash fa based geopolymer mortar was investigated and reported. Oil palm shells were packed in gunny as shown in figure 1 before brought to the laboratory for concrete preparation work. Binding gel characterization of alkaliactivated binders. Utilization of palm oil fuel ash in concrete construction. Palm oil has an especially high concentration of saturated fat, specifically the 16carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, to which it gives its name. Modelling the early strength of alkaliactivated cement. Meanwhile pofa is by product from power plant that generate electricity which used palm fiber, shell and empty fruit.
Microstructural investigations of palm oil fuel ash and. The practical use of palm oil fuel ash as a filler in. Effect of palm oil fuel ash in controlling heat of hydration of concrete. Pof a has the potential to be used as recycle materials due to their pozzolanic behaviour. Johnsonalengaram, andmohdzaminjumaat department of civil engineering, faculty of engineering, university of malaya, kuala lumpur, malaysia. The optimum level of replacement of palm ash in concrete is 20%. Research article utilization of palm oil fuel ash as binder in lightweight oil palm shell geopolymer concrete michaelyongjingliu,choonpengchua,u. Paper open access utilisation of palm oil fuel ash pofa as. Characterization of ash made from oil palm empty fruit. Pastes of palm oil fuel ash pofa and fly ash geopolymer activated with sodium hydroxide naoh and combination of naoh with sodium silicate na 2 sio 3 were prepared and cured at 80 c for a duration of 7, 28, and 90 days. These problems can be reduced to a large extent by using pofa in concrete. The characteristics of the palm oil fuel ash before and after treatment were monitored to assess the changes in the properties of the palm oil fuel ash. Palm oil fuel ash as a cement replacement in concrete. Binary effect of fly ash and palm oil fuel ash on heat of.
Palm oil fuel ash pofa palm oil fuel ash is the byproduct of burnt palm oil husk and palm oil shell in the boiler of palm oil mill. Palm oil fuel ash has been seen as one of the alternative that can replace sand in concrete mixture production and therefore could reduce the excessive production of palm oil fuel ash. Along with coconut oil, palm oil is one of the few highly saturated vegetable fats and is semisolid at room temperature. The oil extraction rate from a bunch varies from 17 to 27% for palm oil, and from 4 to 10% for palm kernels. A lack of enough information on the advantages of pofa in the concrete.
Effect of palm oil fuel ash pofa on strength properties of. Palm oil fuel ash pofa is a waste generated by the palm oil industry, which is a very big industry in malaysia. The utilization of palm oil has risen dramatically in recent years, reflecting an increased demand for vegetable oil. This study is about the effect of cooling method on the performance of lightweight concrete that contain palm oil fuel ash exposed to elevated temperature. Abstract uncontrolled dumping of palm oil fuel ash pofa not only occupies valuable land but also creates environ mental pollution and health hazard. These problems can be reduced to large extent by using pofa in concrete. The effect of variation of molarity of alkali activator. Pofa is identified as a material that shows good potential to be used as filler in asphalt mixture. Palm oil is pressed from the fleshy fruit of the oil palm tree, elaeis guineensis. The fresh and hardened properties of schsc containing pofa have been extensively investigated by researchers. Oil palm is a major source of edible oil which is extracted from fruits lua and gua, 1998. Palm oil fuel ash pofa is a byproduct waste material from palm oil with many economic and environmental benefits. Million tonnes of palm oil fuel ash pof a is being generated every year without any profitable return. Exploratory study of palm oil fuel ash as partial cement.
The resulting ultrafine palm oil fuel ash was then utilized to produce high strength concrete by replacing the ordinary portland cement at 0, 20, 40 and 60% on massformass basis. Palm oil fuel ash pofa used was a byproduct obtained from burning of palm oil shell and husk at temperature of 940c from a kahang mill, kluang johor, southern state of malaysia. Both oil palm shell ops and palm oil fuel ash pofa collected from a palm oil mill factory located in felda lepar hilir in the state of pahang, malaysia used as coarse aggregate and partial cement replacement respectively. In this investigation, three ashes were collected from. Using different percentages of pofa leads to a nonlinear. Performance of lightweight concrete contain palm oil fuel. Palm oil fuel ash pofa, a waste byproduct, can be used to partially replace cement in concrete production.
This study investigates the effectiveness of agro waste ash byproduct palm oil fuel ash pofa as an alternative material to replace portland cement opc. Palm oil is pressed from the fleshy fruit of the oil palm tree, elaeis guineensis, a species native to africa that also thrives elsewhere in the humid tropics. There are two types of palm ash waste which are palm oil fuel ash pofa and boiler ash. Early strength characteristics of palm oil fuel ash and. Concrete containing palm oil fuel ash pofa and oil palm. Due to its abundance and high pozzolanic characteristics, it is highly potential to be used as civil engineering construction materials such as. Oct 24, 20 palm oil fuel ash pofa is byproduct obtained by burning of fibers, shells and empty fruit bunches as fuel in palm oil mill boilers. Microstructural investigations of palm oil fuel ash and fly.
Sf and slag sg are the examples of supplementary cementitious material used in concrete 1. Monounsaturated oleic acid is also a major constituent of palm oil. Mechanical properties of concrete containing ground palm oil. Palm oil fuel ash pofa is a waste material and generally disposed to open fields causing environmental pollution problems to the land and the air. The present state of the use of palm oil fuel ash pofa in concrete. Palm ash concrete reduces the pollutant and consider as ecofriendly material. Palm oil production x tons palm kernels production x tons 196971 1980 1990 2002 196971 1980 1990 2002 world 1983,03 4 5052,64 1 11163. It is resulting from the combustion of palm oil plant residues. Utilization of palm oil fuel ash as binder in lightweight oil palm shell geopolymer concrete michaelyongjingliu,choonpengchua,u.
Palm oil fuel ash pofa, a byproduct from the palm oil industry, is disposed of as waste in landfills. Use of waste ash from palm oil industry in concrete. However, palm oil mills produce a large amount of solid wastes. Thus, this research project presents the effect of palm oil fuel ash pofa on the mechanical properties of concrete in this research project, pof a was used as supplementary cementing material to replace cement in concrete production. Paper open access utilisation of palm oil fuel ash pofa. The amount of land needed for the disposal of the waste can become increasing. Johnsonalengaram, andmohdzaminjumaat department of civil engineering, faculty of engineering, university of malaya, kuala lumpur, malaysia correspondence should be addressed to u. Pdf mechanical properties of concrete containing ground. Meanwhile boiler ash is the biomass known as mesocarp.
This study is an attempt to partially replace ordinary portland cement opc in concrete with palm oil fuel ash pofa and eggshell powder esp. This article presents the development of lightweightfoamed concrete with geopolymer technology by utilizing industrial wastes such as oil palm shell ops as lightweight coarse aggregate, palm oil fuel ash pofa and low calcium fly ash fa as binders in the concrete. Industrial byproduct from the palm oil mill in the form of palm oil fuel ash. However, research is needed to study the effect of this supplementary cementitious material on the durability properties of schsc. Introduction palm oil production is on a steeply rising path. In this paper, the early strength behavior of metakaolin and palm oil fuel ash pofa based geopolymer mortar was investigated for the purpose of exploring the utilization of pofa which is a waste material generated from production of palm oil. Effect of palm oil fuel ash pofa fineness on the mechanical. Palm oil is a common cooking ingredient in the tropical belt of africa, southeast asia and parts of brazil.
Uncontrolled dumping of palm oil fuel ash pofa not only occupies valuable land but also creates environmental pollution and health hazard. Palm oil fuel ash obtained from palm oil mill was treated via screening, grinding and heating to improve its pozzolanic reactivity. Palm oil fuel ash as a partial cement replacement for. The hydrated binding gel products were studied on phase, morphology, and bonding characterization. Sludge palm oil spo is an attractive f eedstock and a significant raw material for biodiesel production. Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunches for fuel. Epa issues noda concerning renewable fuels produced from palm oil under the rfs program pdf 3 pp, 128 k, epa420f11046, december 2011 fact sheet. In 2009, there were 411 palm oil mills in malaysia with total capacities of 95 million tons fresh fruit bunch ffb and average of 90.
The modified mix consist various percentage palm oil fuel ash as partial sand replacement, which are in the range 10% to 40%. Empty fruit bunches, fast pyrolysis, bio oil, ash, washed feedstock, tga 1. The remainder of the oil palm consists of huge amount of lignocellulosic materials such as oil palm fronds, trunks, palm kernel and empty fruit bunches. Palm oil fuel ash as potential green microfiller in polymer concrete. Afterwards, as suggested by hussin and awal 19, the pofa was grounded by using a. Palm oil fuel ash pofa has been used as a partial cement replacement to produce selfconsolidating highstrength concrete schsc. Palm oil and global warming union of concerned scientists. The mechanical property of palm oil fuel ash as partial. The practical use of palm oil fuel ash as a filler in asphalt. Ash content was remarkably higher in the palm oil when compared to the values for. International journal of environmental sciences volume 3 no. However, it also driving towards increasing of waste such as empty fruit bunch, mesocarp fibre, palm oil mill effluent pome, and palm oil fly ash pofa.
In this investigation, three ashes were collected from different palm oil mills around malaysia and namely capofa, alpofa and ktpofa. Boiler ash was obtained from burning the palm fiber and kernel shells in the boiler where it consists of clinkers and ash 19. Effect of palm oil fuel ash pofa on strength properties. Palm oil fuel ash pofa is a byproduct of palm oil industry.
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